Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre (1787-1851) announced the invention of the daguerreotype process in 1839. Almost immediately, refinements to technique and equipment were introduced, which considerably reduced exposure times and made the daguerreotype wildly popular as a medium for portraiture until the mid-1850s. Daguerreotypes were highly vulnerable to surface damage from abrasion and tarnishing. Therefore, they were protected by a metal mat and covered by a sheet of glass sealed and fitted into a case.